Professional Counseling Informed Consent Form: What It Includes, How to Conduct One, and Example

Before a client and therapist do any meaningful clinical work together, something important has to happen first. The client needs to understand what they are agreeing to — not just sign a form because it is placed in front of them, but genuinely understand the nature of the therapeutic relationship, their rights within it, what confidentiality protects, and when it does not. That conversation, and the document that supports it, is what informed consent is about.

In my clinical work as a Licensed Mental Health Counselor, I have come to see the informed consent process as one of the most important moments in the early therapeutic relationship. Done well, it communicates something to the client before the work even begins: that this is a professional relationship with real structure, real ethical obligations, and real respect for who they are. Done poorly — or rushed — it becomes a liability document that clients sign without reading and therapists file without thinking about again.

This guide walks clinicians through everything they need to know about the professional counseling informed consent form, including its purpose, what a comprehensive form should include, how to conduct the informed consent process effectively, and best practices for protecting both clients and the practice.

What Is Informed Consent in Counseling?

Informed consent in counseling is the process by which a client receives clear, accurate, and complete information about the therapeutic services they are being offered — including the nature of therapy, the therapist’s qualifications, the risks and benefits of treatment, confidentiality and its limits, fees and policies, and their rights as a client — and voluntarily agrees to proceed on the basis of that understanding.

The American Psychological Association’s Ethics Code defines informed consent as requiring that clients be given information in understandable language, have the opportunity to ask questions, and consent voluntarily and without undue influence (APA, 2017). The American Counseling Association similarly identifies informed consent as a foundational ethical obligation that applies to all counseling relationships (ACA, 2014).

Informed consent is not a single signature on a form — it is an ongoing process. While a written informed consent document is required in all 50 states and is the primary means of documenting that consent has been obtained, the ethical obligation extends throughout treatment. Clinicians are expected to revisit consent when significant changes occur — such as a shift in treatment approach, the introduction of a new modality, or changes in fees or policies.

Why Is Informed Consent Important?

Informed consent matters for reasons that go beyond legal compliance. At its most fundamental level, it is an expression of respect for the client’s autonomy and dignity — an acknowledgment that they have the right to make informed decisions about their own care.

From a clinical perspective, a well-conducted informed consent process serves several important functions:

• It establishes transparency and trust at the outset of the therapeutic relationship, before the vulnerable work of therapy begins
• It sets clear expectations about the structure, goals, and limits of the therapeutic relationship — reducing misunderstandings that can undermine the alliance
• It protects the client by ensuring they understand their rights, the limits of confidentiality, and what to do in a crisis
• It protects the clinician by documenting that legal and ethical obligations were met
• It creates an opening for dialogue — clients who ask questions during the consent process are often more engaged in treatment
• It supports ethical practice by requiring clinicians to articulate their policies, qualifications, and approach in a clear and professional format

Research on the therapeutic alliance consistently identifies transparency, mutual understanding, and collaborative goal-setting as predictors of positive treatment outcomes. A thoughtful informed consent process contributes to all three from the very first contact.

What Are the Three Elements of Valid Informed Consent?

For informed consent to be legally and ethically valid, three elements must be present:

1. Disclosure — The clinician must provide the client with all information that a reasonable person would need to make an informed decision about treatment. This includes the nature and purpose of therapy, the therapist’s qualifications, fees and policies, confidentiality and its limits, and the client’s rights.

2. Capacity — The client must have the cognitive and legal capacity to understand the information and make a voluntary decision. When capacity is in question — due to age, cognitive impairment, or mental health status — a legal guardian or authorized representative must provide consent.

3. Voluntariness — Consent must be given freely, without coercion, undue influence, or pressure. Clients must understand that they may decline treatment or withdraw consent at any time without negative consequences to their care.

All three elements must be present for consent to be considered informed. A signature alone — without adequate disclosure, verified capacity, or genuine voluntariness — does not constitute valid informed consent.

Who Must Provide Informed Consent?

In most therapeutic contexts, the identified client provides informed consent. However, there are important exceptions:

• Minors — A parent or legal guardian must provide written consent for treatment when the client is under the age of 18. Depending on the state and clinical context, the minor may also be asked to provide their assent. State law governs the age at which minors may consent to certain types of treatment independently.
• Adults who lack capacity — When an adult client lacks the cognitive capacity to provide informed consent due to dementia, intellectual disability, or severe psychiatric impairment, a legal guardian or authorized representative must provide consent.
• Mandated clients — Clients who are ordered into treatment by a court or probation officer are a special case. While their participation may not be fully voluntary, clinicians are still ethically obligated to explain the nature of treatment, confidentiality, and the client’s rights within the mandatory context.

What Knowledge Do Clinicians Need to Conduct Informed Consent Effectively?

Informed consent is a clinical and ethical skill, not simply an administrative task. Clinicians who conduct the consent process effectively bring together several areas of knowledge:

• Legal knowledge — familiarity with state-specific informed consent requirements, mandatory reporting obligations, duty-to-warn statutes, and HIPAA requirements
• Ethical knowledge — familiarity with the ethics codes of their professional association and how to apply them in practice
• Clinical judgment — the ability to determine when a client has the capacity to consent, when additional explanation is needed, and when consent may need to be revisited
• Cultural competence — awareness of how cultural background, language, health literacy, and prior experiences with healthcare systems may affect a client’s ability to engage with the consent process
• Communication skills — the ability to explain complex legal and clinical concepts in plain language that a client without professional training can genuinely understand

What Should Be Included in a Professional Counseling Informed Consent Form?

A comprehensive informed consent form for counseling services should be thorough, clearly written, and organized in a format that clients can read and understand before signing. The table below summarizes the core sections of a professional counseling informed consent document.

Section	What It Covers
Nature of Psychotherapy	Description of therapy, collaborative nature, potential risks and benefits, evaluation period, treatment planning
Therapist Qualifications	License type and number, state of licensure, scope of practice, right to referral
Appointments & Cancellation Policy	Session length, frequency, cancellation notice required, late cancellation and no-show fees
Fees and Billing	Session fees by type, payment methods, additional professional services, collection procedures, sliding scale
Insurance and Reimbursement	Whether insurance is accepted, superbill availability, client responsibility for coverage verification
Confidentiality and Its Limits	General confidentiality, mandatory reporting, duty to warn, legal process, consultation, collection
HIPAA Notice of Privacy Practices	PHI definition, client rights regarding health information, how to file a complaint
Professional Records	Records maintenance, client access rights, record retention, transfer procedures
Electronic Communications & Telehealth	Email and text security limitations, telehealth consent and responsibilities, social media policy
Emergency Procedures	After-hours availability, crisis resources, on-call coverage procedures
Services Involving Minors	Parental consent, information sharing by age, safety exceptions, custody documentation
Termination of Services	Client’s right to terminate, therapist-initiated termination, abandonment protections
Client Rights & Non-Discrimination	Right to refuse treatment, cultural respect, non-discrimination, licensing board complaint process
Dual Relationships & Professional Boundaries	Prohibition on personal/financial/social relationships with clients, conflict of interest disclosure
Research and Training	Supervision and consultation, de-identification of case material, authorization required for identifiable use

1. Nature of Psychotherapy and Counseling Services

The opening section of an informed consent form establishes what therapy is and what it is not — and sets expectations for both the therapist and the client from the outset.

Purpose: To help clients understand that therapy is a collaborative, professional relationship that requires active participation, may involve discomfort, and cannot guarantee specific outcomes.

What to Include:

• A description of psychotherapy as a professional collaborative relationship
• The client’s responsibilities — active, honest, and consistent participation
• Acknowledgment that therapy may involve discussing difficult, painful, or uncomfortable material
• A statement that no specific outcomes can be guaranteed, alongside evidence that therapy is effective when engaged in consistently
• The number of initial evaluation sessions before a treatment plan is developed
• The client’s right to accept, decline, or seek a second opinion on any recommended treatment approach

Why It Matters: Clients who understand what to expect from therapy — including that it can be temporarily uncomfortable — are better prepared for the process and less likely to drop out when difficult material arises. Setting expectations for the evaluation period also prevents clients from feeling that a diagnosis or treatment plan is being imposed without their input.

2. Therapist Qualifications and Scope of Practice

Clients have the right to know who is treating them, what credentials they hold, and what the limits of those credentials are.

Purpose: To disclose the therapist’s licensure, training, and scope of practice, and to clarify the client’s right to referral when their needs fall outside that scope.

What to Include:

• State of licensure and license type and number
• A statement that services are limited to the scope of the therapist’s license, training, and competency
• A commitment to provide appropriate referrals when the client’s needs exceed the scope of practice
• An invitation to ask about qualifications, training, specializations, or treatment approaches at any time
• The client’s right to request a referral for a second clinical opinion

Why It Matters: Transparency about qualifications is both an ethical obligation and a foundation of trust. Clients who know their therapist’s credentials are better positioned to make informed decisions about whether this clinician is the right fit for their needs.

3. Appointments and Cancellation Policy

A clear cancellation policy protects the therapist’s time and income while setting a professional tone for the therapeutic relationship.

Purpose: To establish expectations around scheduling, attendance, and the consequences of late cancellations and no-shows.

What to Include:

• Session length and scheduled frequency
• Required cancellation notice window
• Late cancellation and no-show fee amount
• A statement that the late cancellation fee is not billable to insurance
• Consequences of repeated cancellations or no-shows
• A statement that telehealth sessions are subject to the same cancellation policy as in-person sessions

Why It Matters: Cancellation policies are among the most common sources of conflict between therapists and clients. Making the policy explicit in the written consent — rather than communicating it verbally in the moment — prevents misunderstandings and provides a documented basis for enforcing fees when necessary.

4. Fees and Billing

Transparent fee disclosure is both an ethical requirement and a practical necessity. Clients who are surprised by fees are less likely to remain engaged in treatment.

Purpose: To disclose all applicable fees, payment expectations, accepted payment methods, and procedures for unpaid balances.

What to Include:

• Initial intake session fee
• Individual, couples, family, and group therapy session fees
• Late cancellation and no-show fee
• Accepted payment methods
• Fees for additional professional services beyond scheduled sessions — such as report writing, extended phone consultations, legal correspondence, and court appearances
• A statement about collection procedures for unpaid balances
• Sliding scale or fee adjustment availability

Why It Matters: Financial concerns are among the most common barriers to treatment engagement and continuity. Addressing fees explicitly — including what happens when bills go unpaid — prevents the financial aspects of the relationship from becoming clinical obstacles or sources of rupture.

5. Insurance and Reimbursement

Whether a practice participates in insurance or operates on a self-pay basis, clients deserve a clear explanation of what that means for their financial responsibility.

Purpose: To clarify whether insurance is accepted, what the client is responsible for verifying, and whether out-of-network reimbursement support is available.

What to Include:

• Whether the practice accepts insurance and, if so, which plans
• If self-pay only, a clear statement to that effect along with an offer to provide a superbill for out-of-network reimbursement
• The client’s responsibility to verify their mental health benefits, deductible status, copays, and prior authorization requirements
• A statement that reimbursement from out-of-network benefits is not guaranteed

Why It Matters: Insurance misunderstandings are one of the most common administrative sources of conflict and dropout in outpatient mental health settings. Making the practice’s billing approach explicit — and placing the responsibility for coverage verification on the client — protects both parties.

6. Confidentiality and Its Limits

Confidentiality is the cornerstone of the therapeutic relationship. Clients cannot engage openly and honestly in therapy if they do not trust that what they share will be protected. But that protection is not absolute — and clients have the right to understand exactly where it ends.

Purpose: To explain the general confidentiality of therapeutic communications and to disclose the specific, legally mandated circumstances under which confidentiality may or must be broken.

What to Include:

• A general statement that communications between client and therapist are confidential
• Child, elder, and dependent adult abuse or neglect mandatory reporting
• Imminent risk of harm to self or others — including what protective action may involve
• Court orders and legal process
• Legal proceedings initiated by the client
• Child sexual exploitation material disclosure
• Clinical supervision and peer consultation (with de-identification)
• Collection of unpaid fees (limited billing disclosure)
• A statement that all other disclosures require written authorization

Why It Matters: Clients who understand the limits of confidentiality before disclosing sensitive information are able to make informed decisions about what to share and when. Clinicians who have disclosed these limits in writing are in a significantly stronger legal and ethical position if a mandatory report or other disclosure becomes necessary.

7. HIPAA Notice of Privacy Practices

HIPAA requires mental health practices to inform clients of their privacy rights and how their Protected Health Information may be used and disclosed. This notice is legally required and must be provided at or before the first service encounter.

Purpose: To inform clients of their rights under HIPAA regarding their Protected Health Information and how the practice handles clinical and billing records.

What to Include:

• A definition of Protected Health Information (PHI)
• The right to request and receive a copy of clinical records
• The right to request amendments or corrections
• The right to request restrictions on use or disclosure
• The right to request confidential communications
• The right to receive an accounting of disclosures
• The right to file a complaint without retaliation
• A statement about permitted uses of PHI for treatment, payment, and healthcare operations

Why It Matters: The HIPAA Notice of Privacy Practices is a federal legal requirement. Including a comprehensive privacy rights summary in the informed consent form — rather than providing a separate document — ensures that clients receive this information as part of the consent process and that receipt is documented by their signature.

8. Professional Records

Clients have the right to know how their clinical records are maintained, how long they are kept, and how to access them.

Purpose: To inform clients about the practice’s record-keeping requirements, the client’s right to access records, and the procedures for record requests and transfers.

What to Include:

• A statement that clinical records are maintained as required by law and professional ethics
• Description of what clinical records typically include
• The client’s right to request a copy of their records
• The timeframe for fulfilling record requests and any applicable copying fees
• Record retention periods for adult and minor clients
• The process for transferring records to another provider

Why It Matters: Clients who understand their rights regarding records are better positioned to exercise those rights when needed — including when changing providers or when records are needed for legal or medical purposes. Documenting record policies in the consent form provides clarity and protects the practice.

9. Electronic Communications, Telehealth, and Social Media

The digital landscape has introduced new clinical, ethical, and legal considerations that must be addressed explicitly in every informed consent form.

Purpose: To clarify the security limitations of electronic communication, establish expectations for telehealth sessions, and define the therapist’s social media policy.

What to Include:

• A statement that email and text messaging are not fully secure and should not be used for sensitive clinical matters
• Telehealth consent — that the client agrees to participate from a private location, that the same confidentiality standards apply, and the procedure for technical difficulties
• A statement that telehealth may not be appropriate for all presentations and that in-person sessions may be recommended clinically
• Social media policy — that the therapist does not accept friend or connection requests from clients, will not follow or monitor client accounts, and cannot respond in a clinical capacity to public online identification

Why It Matters: Clients increasingly attempt to contact therapists via social media, email, and text — and therapists who have not addressed these channels in their consent form have no documented basis for the boundaries they maintain. The rapid expansion of telehealth services has made explicit telehealth consent language essential in every clinical setting.

10. Emergency Procedures and After-Hours Contact

Every client should know before their first session what to do if they are in crisis outside of business hours.

Purpose: To establish expectations about therapist availability, communicate the procedure for after-hours contact, and provide crisis resources that are accessible 24 hours a day.

What to Include:

• A statement that the therapist is not available 24 hours a day
• When voicemail is checked and when messages will be returned
• Instructions for psychiatric emergencies — call 911, go to the nearest emergency room, call or text 988, or contact the Crisis Text Line (text HOME to 741741)
• On-call coverage information when the therapist is unavailable for planned absences

Why It Matters: A client in crisis who does not know their therapist’s emergency procedures may attempt to reach them through inappropriate channels — or, more seriously, may not seek the help they need because they assumed their therapist would be available. Providing clear crisis resources in the consent form is a clinical and ethical responsibility that can be life-saving.

11. Services Involving Minors

When the identified client is a minor, the informed consent process involves additional considerations related to parental rights, the minor’s developing autonomy, and the therapeutic relationship.

Purpose: To clarify the role of parents or legal guardians in the minor client’s treatment, including what information will and will not be shared, and under what circumstances.

What to Include:

• Requirement for parent or legal guardian written consent for minors under 18
• Age thresholds for information sharing with parents vs. confidentiality agreements
• A statement that safety concerns will always be disclosed to parents and/or authorities regardless of age
• Custody documentation requirements in cases of separated or divorced parents
• Policies regarding unsupervised minors in waiting areas and childcare

Why It Matters: The tension between parental rights and the minor client’s developing autonomy is one of the most clinically complex aspects of treating younger clients. Making these policies explicit before treatment begins — and having parents and minor clients acknowledge them in writing — reduces the likelihood of conflict and protects the therapeutic relationship with the minor.

12. Termination of Services

Both the client and the therapist have the right to end the therapeutic relationship — but both also have responsibilities in how that ending is handled.

Purpose: To clarify the client’s right to discontinue therapy at any time, and to disclose the circumstances under which the therapist may initiate termination.

What to Include:

• The client’s unconditional right to discontinue therapy at any time
• An encouragement to discuss termination openly so a collaborative plan can be developed
• Circumstances under which the therapist may initiate termination — non-payment, repeated no-shows, scope of practice issues, violation of the consent agreement, or a determination that treatment is no longer clinically beneficial
• A commitment to provide advance notice and appropriate referrals in therapist-initiated termination
• A statement that termination will not be initiated abruptly in a manner that constitutes patient abandonment

Why It Matters: Unplanned termination — particularly therapist-initiated termination — is one of the most ethically sensitive clinical events. Having the conditions and procedures for termination explicitly documented in the consent form protects both the client and the clinician, and provides a framework for navigating difficult endings professionally.

13. Client Rights and Non-Discrimination

Clients have enumerated rights within the therapeutic relationship that every clinician is ethically and legally obligated to honor.

Purpose: To inform clients of their rights as recipients of mental health services, including the right to non-discriminatory care and the right to file a complaint.

What to Include:

• The right to receive respectful, ethical, and competent care
• The right to be fully informed about diagnosis, treatment options, and prognosis
• The right to participate in the development and revision of the treatment plan
• The right to refuse or discontinue any treatment
• The right to request a referral at any time
• The right to have cultural background, identity, and values respected
• The right to receive care free from discrimination based on race, ethnicity, color, national origin, religion, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, disability, age, or socioeconomic status
• The right to file a complaint without retaliation, including the state licensing board’s contact information

Why It Matters: Enumerating client rights is not merely a formality — it actively empowers clients to hold their therapist accountable and to recognize when their rights are being violated. For clinicians, it demonstrates a commitment to ethical, client-centered practice that goes beyond minimum compliance.

14. Dual Relationships and Professional Boundaries

The therapeutic relationship derives its power in part from its uniqueness — and that uniqueness depends on maintaining clear professional boundaries that do not exist in other kinds of relationships.

Purpose: To explain the therapist’s obligation to avoid dual relationships with clients and to disclose what will happen if a potential dual relationship arises.

What to Include:

• A statement that the therapist will not enter into personal, financial, social, or other professional relationships with current or former clients outside of the therapeutic context
• Examples — gifts of significant value, services to personal acquaintances, business transactions, personal social media contact
• A commitment to disclose potential dual relationships and take appropriate protective action, including referral

Why It Matters: Dual relationships are one of the most common sources of ethical complaints against licensed mental health professionals. Clients who understand this boundary and the reasoning behind it are less likely to experience a boundary limit as a personal rejection — and more likely to understand it as a professional protection.

15. Participation in Research or Training

Clinical supervision, peer consultation, and professional training are essential components of ethical practice — but clients have the right to know their information may be discussed in these contexts.

Purpose: To disclose that the therapist may participate in supervision, consultation, or training in which case material is discussed, and that identifiable information will not be used without explicit written consent.

What to Include:

• A statement that the therapist participates in clinical supervision, peer consultation, and professional training
• A commitment to de-identify case material to the extent possible in these contexts
• A statement that identifiable information will not be used for research, publication, or training without explicit written consent

Why It Matters: Clients who know their therapist participates in supervision and consultation — and that this is a professional responsibility, not a breach of confidentiality — are less likely to feel that their privacy has been violated if they later learn their case was discussed. This disclosure also models the kind of transparency that builds trust throughout the therapeutic relationship.

Example of Informed Consent in Psychology: What a Professional Template Looks Like

The images below offer a preview of TherapyByPro’s Professional Counseling Informed Consent Form Template, used by mental health professionals to document comprehensive informed consent before the first session.

This sample informed consent form for counseling covers all 15 sections described in this guide — from the nature of psychotherapy and therapist qualifications through fees, confidentiality and its limits, HIPAA privacy rights, emergency procedures, services involving minors, client rights, and professional boundaries — in a professionally formatted, editable Word document that clinicians can customize to reflect their practice name, license information, fees, cancellation policy, and state-specific requirements. A fillable PDF version is also available for clinicians who prefer to send the form digitally for clients to complete before their first appointment.

 

Clinicians looking for a ready-to-use, fully customizable informed consent form can access TherapyByPro’s Counseling Informed Consent Form Template — designed to meet the ethical and legal standards described throughout this guide.

How to Conduct the Informed Consent Process

Obtaining informed consent is not the same as distributing a form. The process matters as much as the document.

Before the First Session

Many practices send intake paperwork — including the informed consent form — to clients before their first appointment via a secure client portal or email. This allows clients to read the document carefully, at their own pace, and come to the first session with questions already formed. Pre-session distribution increases the likelihood that the client has actually read the consent form rather than simply signing it in the office.

At the First Session

Even when clients have received the consent form in advance, the first session should include a dedicated conversation about its contents — not a rushed reading, but an invitation to ask questions and raise concerns. I find that highlighting two or three of the most important sections — particularly confidentiality and its limits, the cancellation policy, and emergency procedures — helps clients retain the information that is most clinically significant.

Clients should be explicitly invited to ask questions. Silence does not mean understanding. A clinician who asks “Do you have any questions?” and moves on when the client says no has not fully completed the consent process. Following up with “Is there anything that surprised you, or anything you’d like me to explain further?” invites more genuine engagement.

Documenting Consent

The informed consent form should be signed by the client — and by the therapist, who is confirming that the consent process was completed appropriately. The signed document should be filed in the client’s clinical record. A copy should be offered to the client. If the client declines to sign or is unable to sign, the reason should be documented.

Revisiting Consent Over Time

Informed consent is not a one-time event. Clinicians should revisit relevant aspects of the consent form whenever significant changes occur — a change in fees, a shift in treatment modality, the introduction of a new clinical approach, or a significant change in the client’s circumstances that affects confidentiality considerations. Documenting these revisitations in the clinical record demonstrates ongoing ethical diligence.

Informed Consent for Telehealth Services

Telehealth has become a standard modality in outpatient mental health practice, and it introduces specific informed consent considerations that must be addressed explicitly. A complete telehealth consent section should cover:

• The client’s agreement to receive services via telehealth
• Technology requirements — device, internet connection, camera, and microphone
• The client’s responsibility to participate from a private location where they cannot be overheard
• The procedure if technical difficulties interrupt the session
• A statement that sessions will not be recorded without written consent
• A physical address requirement for emergency purposes
• A statement that telehealth may not be clinically appropriate for all presentations
• The client’s right to withdraw telehealth consent at any time without affecting their right to continue treatment in person

Many states have adopted specific telehealth consent requirements that go beyond general informed consent. Clinicians practicing via telehealth should consult their state licensing board’s guidance to ensure their consent language meets applicable requirements.

Informed Consent for Minor Clients

Treating minor clients adds a layer of complexity to the informed consent process that requires careful navigation. In most states, a parent or legal guardian must provide written consent for mental health treatment for a child under the age of 18. However, many states also grant minors the right to consent to certain types of treatment — including outpatient mental health services above a certain age — without parental involvement.

When treating minors, clinicians should address the following in their informed consent documentation:

• What information will be shared with parents at different ages
• What information will be kept confidential within the therapeutic relationship
• The safety exceptions — when information will be disclosed to parents regardless of the minor’s age
• How custody arrangements will be handled when parents are separated or divorced
• The minor’s developing autonomy and their right to participate in the consent process

Closing Thoughts on Professional Counseling Informed Consent

In my clinical work, I have never viewed informed consent as paperwork. It is one of the clearest expressions of the values that should define every therapeutic relationship — honesty, transparency, respect for autonomy, and a genuine commitment to the client’s wellbeing above all else.

The clients who engage most fully in therapy are often the ones who entered the relationship with the clearest understanding of what it was and what it was not. They knew what confidentiality protected and what it did not. They understood that therapy might be uncomfortable before it became helpful. They knew what to do in a crisis. They had a therapist who took the time to explain these things — not just hand them a form.

A professional, comprehensive informed consent form makes that kind of transparency possible at scale — consistently, across every client, from the very first contact. It protects the client, protects the clinician, and creates the foundation of trust that meaningful therapeutic work requires.

References

• • American Counseling Association. (2014). ACA Code of Ethics. https://www.counseling.org/resources/aca-code-of-ethics.pdf
  • American Psychological Association. (2017). Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct. https://www.apa.org/ethics/code
  • Barnett, J. E., & Johnson, W. B. (2008). Ethics Desk Reference for Psychologists. American Psychological Association.
  • Grant, S. C. (2021). Informed consent — we can and should do better. JAMA Network Open, 4(4), e2110848. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.10848
  • Hall, D. E., Prochazka, A. V., & Fink, A. S. (2012). Informed consent for clinical treatment. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 184(5), 533–540. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.112120