Phobia Treatment Plan: Goals, Objectives, & Example for Mental Health Professionals

Treatment plans are one of the most important clinical documents completed in behavioral health. They provide a structured roadmap that connects a client’s diagnosis, symptoms, strengths, and treatment needs to measurable goals, evidence-based interventions, and ongoing progress monitoring. Because specific phobia is one of the most treatable conditions in mental health when addressed with exposure-based approaches, a well-written treatment plan helps ensure care remains structured, efficient, and clinically sound.

Creating an effective phobia treatment plan involves much more than listing a few goals. It requires a comprehensive understanding of the client’s specific feared object or situation, the resulting avoidance and functional impairment, and the exposure-based approaches most likely to produce durable improvement. A strong treatment plan also demonstrates medical necessity, facilitates communication between providers, and creates objective benchmarks that make it easier to evaluate progress over time.

In this guide, we’ll walk through how to create an evidence-based phobia treatment plan, discuss what information should be included, provide practical examples of treatment goals and objectives, and review common documentation considerations for mental health professionals. Whether you’re a student, intern, or experienced clinician, these examples can serve as a starting point for developing individualized treatment plans that reflect each client’s unique presentation.

Key Takeaways

• Phobia treatment plans should be individualized. Effective plans connect the client’s specific feared object or situation, avoidance pattern, and functional impairment to measurable goals rather than relying on generic documentation.
• Exposure-based CBT is the first-line, most extensively supported treatment for specific phobia, with strong evidence for both single-session and multi-session formats and comparable outcomes between them (Odgers, Kershaw, Li, & Graham, 2022).
• Medication is not a first-line treatment for specific phobia and has limited evidence of benefit; treatment planning should center on exposure-based psychotherapy.
• Treatment goals should follow SMART principles and be built around a collaboratively developed exposure hierarchy specific to the client’s feared stimulus.
• Blood-injection-injury phobia may require modification of standard exposure procedures when the client has a history of vasovagal fainting; applied tension is a commonly used technique intended to counteract the associated blood-pressure drop, distinct from standard exposure protocols for other phobia types.

View our Counseling Treatment Plan Template, which corresponds with this guide.

Why Treatment Planning Matters for Phobias

Clients presenting with a specific phobia experience marked, persistent fear of a particular object or situation that is disproportionate to the actual danger involved, leading to avoidance or significant distress when confronted with it. While clients often share common features—including anticipatory anxiety and active avoidance—every client’s specific feared stimulus, avoidance pattern, and functional impairment is different. Effective treatment planning helps clinicians organize assessment findings into a personalized course of treatment built around the client’s specific fear rather than a generic anxiety-reduction template.

A comprehensive treatment plan also serves several important clinical and administrative purposes. It supports continuity of care, promotes collaboration between providers, documents medical necessity for third-party payers, and creates measurable outcomes that can be reviewed throughout treatment. Because specific phobia often responds quickly to well-structured exposure treatment, treatment plans should be reviewed relatively frequently to reflect this typically brief, focused course of care.

Whenever possible, treatment planning should be a collaborative process. Involving clients directly in building their own exposure hierarchy increases engagement and gives them a clear sense of what to expect from treatment. Instead of focusing solely on symptom reduction, treatment plans should also identify functional goals the client hopes to reclaim once the phobia no longer limits their choices.

Complete a Thorough Clinical Assessment Before Writing the Treatment Plan

A treatment plan should never be developed in isolation. Before identifying goals or selecting interventions, clinicians should complete a comprehensive assessment to better understand the client’s specific fear, its history, current level of functioning, and diagnostic picture. Information gathered during the intake assessment provides the clinical foundation for every section of the treatment plan.

For clients presenting with a possible phobia, this assessment includes a detailed clinical interview addressing the specific feared object or situation and its subtype (animal, natural environment, blood-injection-injury, situational, or other), the onset and course of the fear, current avoidance patterns, functional impairment, and any physiological responses relevant to treatment planning, such as a history of fainting with blood-injection-injury phobia. Clinicians should also assess for co-occurring anxiety disorders, since a specific phobia does not rule out the presence of another anxiety disorder occurring alongside it.

Specific phobia involves fear tied to a particular object or situation, distinguishing it from generalized anxiety disorder, which involves excessive worry spread across multiple life domains rather than one circumscribed trigger. Clinicians should also consider whether the fear is better accounted for by another presentation before confirming a specific phobia diagnosis: social anxiety disorder (when the fear centers on social evaluation), agoraphobia (when it centers on situations where escape might be difficult), obsessive-compulsive disorder (when contamination or harm-avoidance rituals are central), illness anxiety disorder, PTSD or other trauma-related fear tied to a specific past event, panic disorder (when the primary fear is of panic symptoms themselves), and medical conditions that could produce or explain the physiological symptoms reported.

If you are looking for additional guidance on collecting assessment information before creating a treatment plan, our guides to the Counseling Intake Assessment and Biopsychosocial Assessment provide more detailed recommendations for conducting comprehensive evaluations.

Develop a Clinical Formulation Before Creating Treatment Goals

One of the most valuable steps in treatment planning is developing a clinical formulation before writing goals and objectives. While a diagnosis identifies what condition a client meets criteria for, a clinical formulation explains why the fear developed, what factors are maintaining it, and why the selected interventions are appropriate. A thoughtful formulation helps ensure that treatment remains individualized rather than relying on a generic exposure protocol.

For clients experiencing a specific phobia, consider how the fear may have developed (through a specific conditioning event, observational learning, or without an identifiable precipitant), the specific situations and cues that trigger it, the avoidance and safety behaviors currently maintaining it, and the client’s functional goals for treatment. For blood-injection-injury phobia specifically, formulation should address the characteristic vasovagal response, since standard exposure alone can risk a fainting episode without an appropriate physiological countermeasure.

A useful, compact formulation frame for specific phobia is the maintenance cycle: a trigger leads to a threat appraisal, which produces an anxiety or physiological response, which drives avoidance or a safety behavior, which provides short-term relief and, in doing so, maintains the fear long-term by preventing the client from learning the feared outcome doesn’t occur. Exposure treatment works by interrupting this cycle: it increases approach behavior and creates opportunities for new learning that avoidance had been preventing.

A strong clinical formulation naturally guides treatment planning. For example, if a client’s fear of flying is maintained primarily by catastrophic beliefs about crashing, treatment should pair exposure with cognitive work addressing those specific beliefs. If a client’s spider phobia is maintained largely by avoidance without significant catastrophic cognitions, a more purely exposure-focused approach, potentially delivered in a single extended session, may be appropriate. The treatment plan should clearly demonstrate how the selected interventions address the mechanisms maintaining the client’s specific fear.

Many treatment plans remain superficial because they list symptoms and interventions without explaining the clinical reasoning connecting the two. A strong formulation demonstrates why specific goals were prioritized, why certain interventions were selected, and how the client’s diagnosis, history, strengths, and barriers influence the treatment approach.

Establish Medical Necessity Through Functional Impairment

Treatment plans should document more than the presence of fear. They should clearly explain how avoidance interferes with the client’s daily functioning. Documenting clinically significant functional impairment can help support medical necessity determinations, but requirements vary by payer, jurisdiction, service type, and clinical setting, and documenting impairment alone does not automatically establish or guarantee medical necessity for every payer.

Rather than simply documenting that a client “is afraid of dogs,” describe the observable consequences of the avoidance. Examples may include a client avoiding a friend’s home due to a dog phobia, declining necessary medical procedures due to blood-injection-injury phobia, or turning down job opportunities that require air travel. These examples create a stronger clinical picture than documenting fear alone.

Whenever possible, establish a measurable baseline before treatment begins. A subjective units of distress (SUDS) rating for specific feared situations, combined with a documented avoidance pattern and functional impact, can assist clinicians in assessing severity and monitoring changes as exposure treatment progresses.

Creating SMART Phobia Treatment Goals

Effective treatment goals should be individualized, collaborative, and measurable. One of the most common documentation mistakes is writing goals that are too broad to evaluate objectively. Statements such as “reduce fear” or “help the client feel less anxious” provide little guidance for a structured, exposure-based course of treatment and make it difficult to determine whether meaningful progress has occurred.

Instead, treatment goals should follow SMART principles whenever clinically appropriate. Goals should be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound, and should be built around a collaboratively developed exposure hierarchy specific to the client’s feared stimulus. Objectives should identify observable exposure steps and functional outcomes rather than only subjective fear reduction.

Breaking larger goals into smaller objectives also allows clinicians to recognize incremental progress throughout treatment. These measurable objectives become valuable reference points during treatment plan reviews and progress note documentation.

Phobia Treatment Goal Examples

The following treatment goal examples are designed to help mental health professionals develop individualized treatment plans based on each client’s diagnosis, phobia subtype, functional impairment, strengths, and treatment needs. Effective treatment goals should be collaborative, measurable, and connected to specific objectives and interventions that support meaningful clinical progress.

Goal 1: Build the Exposure Hierarchy and Foundational Skills

Long-Term Goal: Client will develop a complete, individualized exposure hierarchy and demonstrate readiness to begin structured exposure work.

Possible Objectives:

• Attend scheduled therapy sessions consistently.
• Collaboratively develop a graduated exposure hierarchy of at least 8–10 items specific to the feared object or situation.
• Learn and practice any needed preparatory skill, such as applied tension for blood-injection-injury phobia.
• Identify and challenge at least one catastrophic belief connected to the feared stimulus, when cognitive distortions are present.

Possible Interventions:

• Psychoeducation regarding the phobia and the rationale for exposure-based treatment.
• Collaborative hierarchy construction using SUDS ratings.
• Applied tension training when clinically indicated for blood-injection-injury phobia.
• Cognitive restructuring targeting specific catastrophic beliefs.

Goal 2: Complete Graduated Exposure to the Feared Stimulus

Long-Term Goal: Client will complete the exposure hierarchy, achieving tolerable distress levels at each step and ultimately at the most feared item.

Possible Objectives:

• Complete exposure to each hierarchy item, achieving a specified SUDS reduction before progressing to the next step.
• Practice between-session exposure to reinforce and generalize progress.
• Report reduced anticipatory anxiety connected to the feared stimulus, tracked over time.
• Complete exposure to the top hierarchy item within the planned treatment timeframe.

Possible Interventions:

• In-vivo, imaginal, or virtual reality exposure, as appropriate to the specific phobia and available resources.
• Single-session intensive exposure, when clinically appropriate and supported for the specific phobia subtype.
• Ongoing SUDS tracking across exposure sessions.
• Between-session exposure assignments to support generalization.

Goal 3: Generalize Gains and Reclaim Functioning

Long-Term Goal: Client will independently engage in previously avoided activities in real-world contexts and maintain treatment gains.

Possible Objectives:

• Independently complete a real-world version of the previously most-feared situation.
• Resume or begin a specific activity that had been limited by the phobia (e.g., a medical procedure, air travel, or social activity).
• Identify a plan for managing a possible return of fear following treatment.
• Report sustained functional improvement at a follow-up check-in.

Possible Interventions:

• Real-world generalization exercises beyond the clinical setting.
• Relapse-prevention planning addressing the expected possibility of some fear recurrence.
• Booster session planning if needed.
• Termination processing and review of treatment gains.

Remember that these examples are intended as starting points rather than standardized treatment plans. Effective treatment planning requires ongoing collaboration with the client and should reflect their specific phobia subtype, strengths, cultural considerations, and treatment preferences. Objectives, interventions, and review dates should be modified as the client makes progress through the hierarchy.

What to Include in a Phobia Treatment Plan

A comprehensive phobia treatment plan should do more than identify the feared stimulus and list interventions. Effective treatment planning creates a clinical roadmap that connects the client’s diagnosis, presenting concerns, functional impairment, strengths, treatment goals, measurable objectives, and selected interventions.

While treatment plan requirements vary depending on clinical setting, payer expectations, state regulations, and organizational policies, many evidence-informed treatment plans include several core elements that support clinical decision-making, continuity of care, and ongoing measurement of treatment progress.

A comprehensive phobia treatment plan template typically includes the following clinical documentation sections:

The following sections provide a detailed overview of each component and explain how clinicians can use these elements to create treatment plans that are clinically meaningful, individualized, and responsive to client needs.

1. Client and Plan Information

The first section establishes essential identifying and administrative information while creating a clear record of the treatment episode. Clinicians typically document client information, treatment plan dates, review dates, plan type, clinician information, practice details, session format, session frequency, and the anticipated duration of treatment.

Documenting this information helps establish when treatment began, who is responsible for care, how frequently services are provided, and when the plan should be reviewed. Because phobia treatment is often brief and structured, the plan should clearly reflect the anticipated, typically short course of treatment.

2. Coordinating Providers and Services

Some clients with a specific phobia are also connected to other providers, particularly when the phobia affects medical care (such as blood-injection-injury phobia limiting necessary procedures) or occupational functioning. This section documents other providers and agencies involved in the client’s care, relevant releases of information (ROIs), and plans for coordination when clinically appropriate.

Coordination with a medical provider can be particularly relevant when a client’s phobia has led to avoidance of needed medical care, and when applied tension or another preparatory technique needs to be communicated to staff conducting a procedure.

3. Diagnostic Summary

The diagnostic summary documents the client’s current diagnosis, applicable ICD-10-CM code, specifiers, diagnostic considerations, and clinical evidence supporting the diagnosis, consistent with DSM-5-TR criteria (American Psychiatric Association, 2022). Specific phobia requires marked fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation, an immediate anxiety response upon exposure, fear disproportionate to the actual danger, active avoidance or endurance with intense distress, and duration typically 6 months or more, causing clinically significant distress or impairment.

A strong diagnostic summary should specify the phobia subtype (animal, natural environment, blood-injection-injury, situational, or other), since this affects intervention selection, particularly for blood-injection-injury phobia given its distinct physiological response. DSM-5 removed the requirement that adults specifically recognize their fear as excessive or unreasonable, since this criterion created diagnostic barriers without reflecting actual treatment outcomes; a phobia diagnosis does not require the client to view their own fear as irrational.

4. Clinical Formulation and Treatment Rationale

Clinical formulation is one of the most important components of a comprehensive treatment plan because it explains the clinician’s understanding of why the client’s fear developed and is being maintained, and why specific interventions were selected. Rather than documenting isolated symptoms, clinicians should synthesize the origin of the fear when known, the current avoidance and safety behaviors maintaining it, and any cognitive distortions connected to the feared stimulus.

This section should also identify the client’s existing strengths and resources—motivation for treatment, prior success with other challenges, and supportive relationships—alongside realistic barriers that may interfere with treatment participation or progress, such as significant anticipatory anxiety about beginning exposure work. A strong formulation demonstrates why specific goals were prioritized and how the client’s diagnosis, history, strengths, and barriers influence the treatment approach.

5. Medication and Concurrent Treatment

Medication is generally not the primary evidence-based treatment for specific phobia; pharmacologic treatment has a more limited evidence base than exposure-based psychotherapy (Bandelow et al., 2023). This doesn’t mean medication is never appropriate, but medication decisions should be individualized and coordinated with the prescribing provider rather than presented as a routine aid to help a client tolerate exposure; if a specific medication (such as a short-term anxiolytic) is being considered for a specific situational need, the clinical rationale and prescriber coordination should be documented explicitly rather than implied as a standard part of exposure treatment.

This section should document current medications, prescribing providers, treatment response, and any other concurrent medical or behavioral health services involved in care, particularly relevant when the phobia has affected the client’s engagement with needed medical treatment.

6. Presenting Problems and Functional Impact

The presenting problems section describes the client’s primary concerns and explains how the phobia and associated avoidance interfere with daily functioning. Effective documentation goes beyond stating that a client “is afraid” of something by describing how the avoidance interferes with important areas of life.

Clinicians may document impairment related to work, medical care, relationships, and daily activities. Whenever possible, documentation should include observable examples of impairment. For example, noting a specific missed medical appointment connected to blood-injection-injury phobia, or a declined job opportunity connected to fear of flying, provides stronger clinical evidence than documenting fear alone.

7. Treatment Goals and Objectives

Treatment goals identify the primary clinical outcomes the client and clinician are working toward throughout treatment. Effective phobia treatment goals should be individualized, clinically meaningful, and connected to the client’s specific feared stimulus and functional concerns identified during assessment.

Each goal should include its own baseline severity and current functioning—SUDS ratings for relevant situations and documented avoidance patterns at intake—since establishing this reference allows clinicians to evaluate whether interventions are producing meaningful improvement over the course of treatment. Short-term objectives then break the larger goal into measurable steps tied to the exposure hierarchy, describing observable exposure completions and functional changes. Each goal should also document the specific interventions being used to pursue it and the clinical rationale connecting those interventions to the client’s diagnosis, formulation, and presentation, along with how progress toward that goal will be tracked over time.

8. Treatment Modality and Interventions

This section documents the primary treatment modality being used and explains how it supports the client’s treatment goals. Exposure-based CBT is the first-line, most extensively supported treatment for specific phobia, delivered through in-vivo, imaginal, or virtual reality exposure formats. A 2022 meta-analysis of 85 studies (n = 1,758) found no significant difference in effectiveness between single-session and multi-session exposure, with single-session treatment being more time-efficient (Odgers, Kershaw, Li, & Graham, 2022; Wechsler, Kümpers, & Mühlberger, 2019). Blood-injection-injury phobia may require modification of standard exposure procedures when the client has a history of vasovagal fainting; applied tension is a commonly used technique to help counteract the associated blood-pressure drop during exposure.

The goal of exposure is approaching the feared stimulus rather than avoiding it, not necessarily making the client feel calm during the exposure itself. SUDS is one useful measurement tool, not the definition of success: contemporary exposure approaches, informed by inhibitory-learning models, emphasize new learning, expectancy violation, increased approach behavior, and reduced avoidance and safety behaviors, and anxiety may remain present even when treatment is working. Clinicians should also assess behaviors the client uses to prevent or escape the feared outcome — such as excessive reassurance-seeking, avoiding eye contact with the stimulus, requiring someone else to complete the feared task, or distraction specifically intended to prevent engagement — since these safety behaviors can interfere with new learning; this doesn’t mean every coping strategy must be eliminated, but whether a given behavior functions as avoidance is worth assessing directly. Factors associated with exposure success more broadly include the client’s engagement with the feared stimulus, the structure and pacing of the hierarchy, and generalization of practice beyond the therapy setting (Boehnlein et al., 2020).

This section should also document between-session assignments designed to extend therapeutic work beyond scheduled appointments, such as self-directed exposure practice at an appropriate hierarchy level.

9. Risk Assessment and Safety Planning Summary

Although a treatment plan does not replace a comprehensive risk assessment or standalone safety plan, documenting relevant safety considerations remains an important component of comprehensive clinical documentation.

This section may include current and historical suicidal ideation, self-harm concerns, physiological risks specific to the phobia (such as fainting risk with blood-injection-injury phobia), protective factors, overall risk level, and whether a safety plan has been completed when clinically indicated. Risk should be individualized and reassessed whenever clinically appropriate.

Clinical Note: Applied tension should be taught with attention to the client’s medical history rather than assumed safe for every client with a fainting history. Clinicians should consider relevant medical conditions and contraindications, confirm the client can perform the technique correctly before relying on it during exposure, coordinate with a medical provider when appropriate, and think through positioning and safety during exposure sessions where fainting is a realistic concern.

10. Family, Support, and Collateral Involvement

Support systems can play a role in phobia treatment when involvement aligns with the client’s preferences and clinical needs. Treatment plans may document family involvement, collateral contacts, cultural considerations, community supports, and other resources involved in treatment.

For children with a specific phobia, caregiver involvement in supporting exposure practice is often clinically relevant. For adults, family or support-person involvement should be guided by informed consent and clinical appropriateness.

11. Transition and Discharge Planning

Transition planning helps clinicians and clients identify what successful treatment progress may look like and establish criteria for moving toward discharge. Discharge criteria may include successful completion of the exposure hierarchy, demonstrated functional engagement with the previously feared situation, and the client’s own readiness, consistent with the generally brief, focused nature of effective phobia treatment.

Aftercare planning may include a relapse-prevention plan addressing the possibility that some fear response may temporarily recur under stress, along with a plan for self-directed booster exposure if needed.

12. Plan Review and Signatures

The final section documents treatment plan review, client participation, signatures, and required approvals. Including client participation reinforces that treatment planning is a collaborative process developed between the client and clinician.

Documenting signatures, review dates, updates, and progress summaries provides a clear record that the treatment plan has been discussed, evaluated, and modified as clinically appropriate throughout treatment.

Phobia Treatment Plan Example

The following example demonstrates how the clinical sections of a phobia treatment plan connect together for a client presenting with a specific phobia of needles. This example is a fictional, educational illustration rather than a universal treatment protocol, and should be adapted based on the individual client’s presentation, diagnosis, treatment preferences, clinical judgment, practice setting, and applicable documentation requirements.

Before using this example: Do not copy this language without adapting it to the client’s actual presentation, document symptoms that weren’t assessed, assign interventions simply because they appear here, use this diagnosis as evidence another client meets criteria, substitute these risk statements for an actual risk assessment, or assume this client’s treatment frequency, duration, or discharge criteria apply universally.

Phobia Treatment Plan Template

The images below provide a preview of TherapyByPro’s Counseling Treatment Plan template, designed for mental health professionals who need a structured framework for documenting phobia treatment goals, measurable objectives, clinical formulation, interventions, risk considerations, and treatment progress.

The template follows a comprehensive clinical structure that can be adapted for clients presenting with any specific phobia subtype. It includes sections for client and plan information, care coordination, diagnostic summary, clinical formulation, medication and concurrent treatment, presenting problems and functional impairment, treatment goals, objectives, interventions, treatment modality, risk assessment, family and support involvement, discharge planning, and plan review documentation.

Organized across 15 dedicated pages, the editable Word document and fillable PDF allow clinicians to customize documentation based on their practice setting, clinical approach, and documentation requirements while maintaining a consistent treatment planning workflow.

Clinicians seeking a complete treatment planning solution can access TherapyByPro’s Counseling Treatment Plan template. For clinicians who need a streamlined tool focused specifically on documenting treatment goals, objectives, and interventions, the Treatment Plan Goals template provides a simplified format for tracking progress across multiple treatment goals.

Common Documentation Mistakes When Writing a Treatment Plan for Phobias

Even experienced clinicians can develop documentation habits that reduce the clinical usefulness of a phobia treatment plan. A strong treatment plan should do more than identify that a client “is afraid” of something—it should explain the specific feared stimulus, functional impairment, treatment goals, selected interventions, and measurable indicators of progress.

The following examples highlight common phobia treatment planning mistakes, why they create documentation challenges, and how clinicians can strengthen their documentation approach.

Clinical Note: One of the most common documentation challenges in phobia treatment planning is describing fear in general terms without connecting it to a specific, measurable exposure hierarchy. A strong phobia treatment plan connects the client’s specific feared stimulus, subtype, functional impairment, treatment goals, interventions, and measurable outcomes into a cohesive clinical roadmap.

Conclusion: Creating Effective Phobia Treatment Plans That Support Meaningful Clinical Progress

An effective phobia treatment plan is more than a documentation requirement. It connects the client’s specific feared stimulus, functional impairment, and subtype-specific clinical considerations with a structured, evidence-based exposure hierarchy designed to produce durable improvement.

Exposure-based CBT remains the first-line, most extensively supported treatment for specific phobia, with strong evidence for both single-session and multi-session formats and no established difference in effectiveness between them (Odgers, Kershaw, Li, & Graham, 2022; Wechsler, Kümpers, & Mühlberger, 2019). Treatment plans are living documents and should be reviewed and updated as the client progresses through the exposure hierarchy. Successful treatment does not necessarily mean the client will never experience fear again; clinically meaningful progress is often reflected in increased willingness and ability to approach previously avoided situations, complete necessary activities, and respond differently when anxiety occurs.

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed., text revision; DSM-5-TR). American Psychiatric Association Publishing. Resource
• Bandelow, B., Allgulander, C., Baldwin, D. S., et al. (2023). World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) and International College of Neuro-Psychopharmacology (CINP) guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive and posttraumatic stress disorders. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 24(2), 79–117. Resource
• Boehnlein, J., Altegoer, L., Muck, N. K., Roesmann, K., Redlich, R., Dannlowski, U., & Leehr, E. J. (2020). Factors influencing the success of exposure therapy for specific phobia: A systematic review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 108, 796–820. Resource
• Odgers, K., Kershaw, K. A., Li, S. H., & Graham, B. M. (2022). The relative efficacy and efficiency of single- and multi-session exposure therapies for specific phobia: A meta-analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 159, 104203. Resource
• Wechsler, T. F., Kümpers, F., & Mühlberger, A. (2019). Inferiority or even superiority of virtual reality exposure therapy in phobias? A systematic review and quantitative meta-analysis on randomized controlled trials specifically comparing the efficacy of virtual reality exposure to gold standard in vivo exposure in agoraphobia, specific phobia, and social phobia. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1758. Resource